Typhoid ( typhus ) or typhoid fever occurs because of a bacterial infection Salmonella typhi . Diseases that occur in children can endanger life if not treated properly and promptly .
Typhus spread quickly . Infections and typhoid fever occurs when a person consumes food or beverages that have been contaminated with a small amount of feces , or less commonly , the bacteria infected urine .
Direct contact with sufferers also may lead to bacterial infection of Salmonella typhi. This bacterium related to salmonella bacteria causes food poisoning.
Typhoid cases (typhoid)
In 2000, it is estimated there are more than 2.16 million cases of typhoid worldwide with the number of deaths of 216,000 people. More than 90% of the total cases and deaths have occurred in Asia. In Indonesia, cases of typhoid is estimated at about 900,000 per year, with a mortality rate of 20,000 people per year.
Poor sanitation and limited access to clean water is suspected to be the main cause of the development of the disease in Indonesia. Incomplete immune system makes disease is more common in children and middle-aged people.
Main symptoms: High fever
Typhoid symptoms generally begin to appear at 1-3 weeks after the body is infected, with the following characteristics:
- High fever that can reach 39 ° C-40 ° C
- Headache
- Stomach ache
- Diarrhea or constipation
Treatment at Home or Hospital?
If not handled well, an estimated 1 in 5 people will die of typhus. While still living at risk of mental disability and permanent disability.
Typhoid generally treated with antibiotics. Decision treatment at home or in the hospital depending on the severity experienced. If typhoid is diagnosed at an early stage, you can undergo treatment at home with antibiotic treatment for one to two weeks.
Hospitalization is required if typhoid diagnosed late or is already in a more severe stage.
Typhoid Vaccination
In Indonesia , typhoid vaccine as a preventive of typhus become immunizations recommended by the government , but has not entered into the category of mandatory . Typhoid vaccine is given over 2 years and repeated every 3 years . Immunization should be in the form of injections in toddlers and in oral form in children over 6 years of age .
Yet like other vaccines , typhoid vaccine does not provide 100% protection . Children who have been immunized can still become infected with typhoid . However, the rate of infection experienced by children who have been vaccinated will not be as heavy as they were not vaccinated at all .
If you and your child intend to eat outside the home , should avoid eating alfresco is easily exposed to bacteria and are advised to consume beverages in containers .
symptoms of Typhoid
In general, the incubation period of the bacteria that cause typhoid fever (typhoid) is 7 to 14 days. It is the duration between the first bacteria to enter the body tissue until the first symptoms appear.
If not handled properly, can worsen the condition of people with typhoid fever in a few weeks. Even take up to a few months until the body can fully recover. Symptoms also may reappear because they do not get treatment.
In fact, if treated properly, the condition sufferers can begin to improve within 3 to 4 days.
What are the symptoms of the General Perceived?
The following common symptoms once infected:
- Fever up to 39 ° C-40 ° C. In the first week, the fever will come down. In the second week, the fever rose.
- Muscle ache
- Headache
- feel faint
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Children often experience diarrhea, while adults tend to suffer from constipation
- A rash on the skin in the form of small spots of pink
- Confusion. Feeling did not know where he was and what was happening around
The first week:
- Fever. Initially it was not high , then increased to 39 ° C - 40 ° C
- Headache
- Limp and exhausted
- hacking cough
- Loss of appetite
- Stomach ache
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Skin rash
If not treated immediately , you will enter the second stage of the symptoms :
- High fever still persists
- Diarrhea or severe constipation
- Weight loss
- Very bloated stomach
- You may be delirious and began to confusion
- Lay limp and exhausted with his eyes half open
- Fever decline slowly
- But the symptoms can be felt back after 2 weeks subsided
Immediately consult your doctor if you or your child has a high fever and some of the above symptoms , especially if it does not subside after two days . Note that while it had received the vaccine or immunization , one can still suffering from typhoid .
Causes Typhus
The bacteria that cause typhoid fever (typhoid), Salmonella typhi, into the intestine through contaminated food or water and then multiply in the lymph nodes and blood vessels.
These bacteria are related, but not equal to the salmonella bacteria that cause food poisoning someone.
Poor sanitation, Main Cause of Transmission
Feces containing the bacteria Salmonella typhi is a major source of transmission of typhoid. Feces was produced by people who have been infected first. In countries such as Indonesia, the spread of the bacteria Salmonella typhi often occurs through ingestion of water contaminated with feces from infected.
A similar effect occurs in food washed with contaminated water. This condition is mainly caused by poor sanitation and access to clean water.
These bacteria can also be spread when people who have been infected with the bacteria do not wash your hands before touching or preparing food. The spread of the bacteria occurs when there are other people who eat foods that are touched by the sufferers.
Transmission can also occur from the urine of patients with bacteria, although this method is more rare. People who eat processed foods the sufferers will be infected if the processor does not wash his hands after urinating.
Some of these situations can also cause the spread of typhus:
- Eating seafood from water contaminated with the urine and feces of infected
- Using the toilet contaminated with bacteria. You will be infected if touching the mouth before washing hands after defecation
- Oral sex with a carrier of the bacteria Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhi entering through contaminated food and drink will go into the digestive system. High fever, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhea occur when the bacteria have proliferated.
If not treated promptly, the bacteria will spread through the body by entering the blood vessels. Typhoid symptoms will worsen if the bacteria has spread beyond the digestive system. Body will recover slowly even after weeks post-infection.
In addition, bacteria that spreads can damage tissues and organs and cause serious complications. The condition is most common intestinal bleeding or split.
Residential bacteria in the body
Some people who have recovered already showing symptoms of typhoid. But they can still suffer from Salmonella typhi bacteria in their intestinal tract for years. About 5% of people with typhoid fever who had not undergone sufficient treatment but later recovered, will continue to carry the bacteria in their bodies. Without them knowing it, the carrier is able to make others infected through their feces.
diagnosis Typhoid
In Indonesia, Widal examination (serological test to detect the presence of salmonella bacteria) is still the main criterion for determining the diagnosis. In fact, widal positive test result does not necessarily mean the patient must have suffered from typhoid fever (typhoid).
This is because in endemic areas such as Indonesia, all the person has been exposed to Salmonella thyphosa. The body has formed antibodies against these bacteria. That is why, when the Widal examinations performed, the antibody in the body will give a positive reaction. But this does not mean you are positive for typhus.
In addition Widal test, there is also a more accurate test to detect typhoid, which tests TUBEXR. These immunological tests performed using the colored particles to improve sensitivity.
Typhus is diagnosed by analyzing samples of blood, feces, or urine in the laboratory. In addition to these inspections, the accuracy of diagnosis can also be done by examining a sample of spinal fluid. However, this test is only used when other investigations do not bring conclusive results. A long time and the pain makes this test is rarely done.
If you are positive for typhoid, it helps to check other family members to detect the possibility of transmission.
treatment Typhus
Antibiotic therapy is the most effective way in dealing with typhus. Treatment typhus (typhoid) can be performed in a hospital, but if more quickly detected, you can undergo treatment at home.
Treatment Typhoid (typhoid) in Hospital
Samples of blood, feces, and urine will be checked in the lab to determine what type of appropriate antibiotics is given. Antibiotics in hospital will be given in the form of injections. If necessary, fluid and nutrition will also be injected into a vein through an IV.
Infusion was given for the treatment of typhoid were performed in hospitals are generally accompanied by persistent vomiting, severe diarrhea, and flatulence. In rare cases, surgery may be needed in case of life-threatening complications such as bleeding or damage to the digestive system.
Almost all people with the condition gradually improved after being treated in hospital for 3-4 days. However, it may take several weeks until you are fully recovered.
Treatment Typhoid (typhoid) at Home
The majority of people diagnosed with typhoid fever at an early stage requires 1-2 weeks of treatment with antibiotics prescribed tablets. Although the body will begin to improve after 2-3 days of taking antibiotics, you should not stop taking antibiotics before it runs out. It is important to ensure that the bacteria is completely gone from the body.
Even so antibiotics to treat typhus started to cause its own problems in Southeast Asia. Several groups of Salmonella typhi become resistant to antibiotics. In recent years, these bacteria are also becoming resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin and trimotheprim-silfamethoxazole.
Immediately consult a doctor if your condition worsens while undergoing treatment at home. In a minority of sufferers, the disease may recur again. For your body to recover quickly and prevent the risk of typhoid come again, make sure you go through the simple steps below:
- Adequate rest
- Eat regularly. You can eat as often as possible in levels of less than if large meals three times a day
- Drink lots of water
- Wash your hands regularly with soap and warm water to reduce the risk of spread of infection
Generally people who have been treated and recovered from typhus return to work or school. However, some professions need special attention, including:
- People who work associated with the processing and preparation of food
- Care of vulnerable people sick
- Caregiver toddlers or the elderly nurse
When typhus (typhoid) Recurrence
Some people have symptoms of typhoid relapsed week after antibiotic treatment is completed undertaken. Usually the doctor will prescribe antibiotics back though symptoms are felt not as severe as before.
Additional treatment
If after treatment turns the stool test results find that you are still suffering from the bacteria Salmonella typhi, you may be advised to undergo 28 days of antibiotic treatment back to clean up the remnants of the bacteria. This is to reduce the potential for you to become carriers of typhoid bacteria long term.
As long as you are still undiagnosed infection, should avoid food processing activities. Also make sure you wash your hands after using the toilet.
complications Typhoid
About 10% of people with typhoid fever (typhoid) suffered complications. Complications occur when people with typhoid late or not treated with appropriate antibiotics. Complications occurred on average three weeks after infection. The most common complication is a digestive system that is internal bleeding and infection that spreads to the surrounding tissue to cause gut or digestive system breaks.
Symptoms of Bleeding In
People with typhoid internal bleeding usually experience symptoms such as feeling tired all the time, shortness of breath, vomiting of blood, pale skin, irregular heartbeat, and a black-colored stools.
Generally, bleeding due to typhoid are not life threatening. However, a blood transfusion is needed to replace the loss of blood from the body. Surgery also may be needed to repair the damage to the bleeding area.
Wounds on Wall Digestive System
Perforation occurs when the walls of the digestive system is injured and a hole was formed so that the contents of the digestive system can spill into the abdominal cavity. Unlike the skin, the lining of the stomach called the peritoneum does not have a defense mechanism against infection. Then the patient's life is threatened when the bacteria that cause typhoid spread to infect the stomach and peritoneum. This condition is known as peritonitis.
Peritonitis is a serious disease because the peritoneum is usually sterile and free from germs. In this situation, the infection can spread rapidly through the blood to many other organs. These infections can lead to various organ stops functioning, even lead to death if not treated immediately.
This complication affects approximately five percent of patients with typhoid. Perforation is characterized by the decline of blood pressure suddenly, followed by the presence of blood in the stool. Another symptom is abdominal pain worsened.
At the hospital, patients with peritonitis will be treated with injections of antibiotics before surgery to close a hole in the intestinal wall.
prevention of Typhus
Vaccination typhus (typhus) in Indonesia is included in the childhood immunization schedule. Vaccination is highly recommended to be given to children aged two years henceforth be repeated every three years.
Preventive Measures In addition to vaccine
Asia, including Indonesia, are typhoid endemic regions. This disease generally occurs in countries with poor hygiene and sanitation. In addition to Asia, countries in Central and South America, the Middle East, as well as
Africa is also the region with a high rate of typhoid.
The granting of the typhoid vaccine does not just make people vaccinated 100% immune to these bacteria. The risk is still there, even though symptoms will not be severe in those who have not been vaccinated.
Unfortunately in Asia, the disease thrives as a heightened level of bacterial resistance to antibiotics to treat typhoid. This resulted in several antibiotics have been unable to resist typhoid. Required preparation and dissemination of the list of drugs that are not effective so that the patient gets the right treatment.
To prevent this disease, typhoid fever vaccination should be coupled with improved sanitation and water supply, as well as healthy living habits. Note the following in order to avoid the risk of contracting typhoid:
- Wash hands before and after preparing food and drinks, as well as after defecation.
- If you must buy a drink, you should drink bottled water.
- Minimization of the consumption of foods sold at roadside for easy exposure to bacteria.
- Avoid ice cubes in your drink. Also you should avoid buying and eating ice cream sold on the roadside.
- Avoid consumption of raw fruits and vegetables unless you peel or wash themselves with water.
- Limit consumption of food seafood (seafood), especially uncooked.
- We recommend using boiled water for brushing teeth or gargling.
- Clean toilets, doorknobs, telephones, as well as the tap water in your home on a regular basis.
- Avoid exchanging personal items such as towels, bed linen and toiletries. Wash these objects regularly in warm water.
- Avoid consumption of unpasteurised milk.
Thank you for sharing such an invaluable and helpful information. This can be a guide for those having the symptoms. Health is very important and for that, we should be more aware of it. Regards,
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